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Toplines: May 2024 Times/Siena Poll of the Presidential Battlegrounds

Results of polls by The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer and Siena College in Pennsylvania and by The Times and Siena College in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada and Wisconsin.

View toplines for the full set of polls and cross-tabs for: all registered voters | likely electorate | Arizona | Georgia | Michigan | Nevada | Pennsylvania | Wisconsin

How satisfied are you with the way things are going in your life these days?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very satisfied

36%

Somewhat satisfied

38%

Not too satisfied

11%

Not at all satisfied

11%

[VOLUNTEERED] Don't know/Refused

4%

Thinking ahead to the presidential general election, are you almost certain that you will vote, very likely to vote, somewhat likely to vote, not very likely to vote or not at all likely to vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Almost certain

49%

Very likely

31%

Somewhat likely

8%

Not very likely

4%

Not at all likely

5%

[VOL] Already voted

0%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

If the 2024 presidential election were held today, who would you vote for if the candidates were:

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden, the Democrat

33%

Donald Trump, the Republican

40%

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the third-party candidate

10%

Jill Stein [stine], the Green Party candidate

1%

[VOL] Cornel West, the third-party candidate

<.5%

Lars Mapstead [map-sted], the Libertarian Party candidate

1%

[VOL] Another candidate (specify)

<1%

[VOL] Not going to vote/wouldn't vote if those were the choices

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

10%

(If candidate selected) Are you definitely or probably going to vote for [CANDIDATE SELECTED IN PREVIOUS QUESTION]?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Definitely

72%

Probably

25%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(Head to head, combines leaners) If you had to decide between the two today, would you lean more toward:

Date

Pop.

Joe Biden, the Democrat

Donald Trump, the Republican

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

42%

48%

10%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

44

48

3

(Without combination) (If not supporting Trump or Biden) If you had to decide between the two today, would you lean more toward:

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden, the Democrat

32%

Donald Trump, the Republican

32%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

36%

(Combines Senate races in Arizona, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin) If this year’s general election for U.S. Senate were held today, which candidate would you be more likely to vote for?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

... the Democrat

45%

... the Republican

40%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

15%

(If Arizona voter) If this year’s general election for U.S. Senate were held today, which candidate would you be more likely to vote for?

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Ruben Gallego [gah-yeh-go], the Democrat

45%

Kari [care-ee] Lake, the Republican

41%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

14%

(If Nevada voter) If this year’s general election for U.S. Senate were held today, which candidate would you be more likely to vote for?

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Jacky Rosen, the Democrat

40%

Sam Brown, the Republican

38%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

23%

(If Pennsylvania voter) If this year’s general election for U.S. Senate were held today, which candidate would you be more likely to vote for?

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Bob Casey, the Democrat

46%

David McCormick, the Republican

41%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

13%

(If Wisconsin voter) If this year’s general election for U.S. Senate were held today, which candidate would you be more likely to vote for?

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Tammy Baldwin, the Democrat

49%

Eric Hovde [huv-dee], the Republican

40%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

10%

(Recoded to age) In what year were you born?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

18-29

16%

30-44

23%

45-64

31%

65+

25%

Refused

4%

What is the highest educational level that you have completed?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Grade school

3%

High school

29%

Vocational or trade school

5%

Some college, no degree

17%

Associate’s degree

10%

Bachelor's degree

21%

Graduate or professional degree

13%

[VOL] Refused

1%

Would you consider yourself:

[READ LIST]

[IF biracial or multiracial, ask: What races would that be?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

White

66%

Hispanic or Latino

10%

Black or African American

12%

Asian

2%

American Indian or Alaska Native

1%

Middle Eastern or North African

<1%

Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

<1%

[VOL] Some other race (specify)

3%

[VOL] More than one race

2%

[VOL] Refused

3%

Note: Responses to questions after this point are reported only for respondents who completed the entire questionnaire.

Do you consider yourself a Democrat, a Republican, an independent or a member of another party?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Democrat

29%

Republican

28%

Independent

34%

Another party

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

5%

Who did you vote for in the 2020 presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, or did you not vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump

37%

Joe Biden

40%

I did not vote

18%

[VOL] Someone else

2%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(Excluding “I did not vote”) Who did you vote for in the 2020 presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, or did you not vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump

46%

Joe Biden

49%

[VOL] Someone else

2%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(If not supporting Biden) Would you say there’s some chance you will support Joe Biden or not really any chance?

Date

Pop.

Some chance

Not really any chance

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

[PREVIOUSLY] Joe Biden

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

4%

52%

2%

42%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

5

49

2

44

(Without combination) (If not supporting Biden) Would you say there’s some chance you will support Joe Biden or not really any chance?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Some chance

7%

Not really any chance

89%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(If not supporting Trump) Would you say there’s some chance you will support Donald Trump or not really any chance?

Date

Pop.

Some chance

Not really any chance

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

[PREVIOUSLY] Donald Trump

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

4%

46%

2%

48%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

4

46

2

48

(Without combination) (If not supporting Trump) Would you say there’s some chance you will support Donald Trump or not really any chance?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Some chance

8%

Not really any chance

88%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

4%

(If candidate selected in presidential race, including third-party candidates) What is the MAIN reason you are planning to vote for [CANDIDATE SELECTED]?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

[VOL] Positive view of candidate's policies

25%

[VOL] Negative view of opponent's policies

5%

[VOL] Positive view of candidate's character/competence

16%

[VOL] Negative view of opponent's character/competence

24%

[VOL] Voting to support a political party

5%

[VOL] The economy (including jobs and the stock market)

11%

[VOL] Inflation/the cost of living

2%

[VOL] Abortion

1%

[VOL] Immigration

3%

[VOL] The state of democracy/corruption

2%

[VOL] Other (specify)

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(If supporting Kennedy in presidential race) Are you mostly voting FOR Robert F. Kennedy Jr. or AGAINST the other candidates in the race?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

For Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

50%

Against the other candidates

44%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

In general, how satisfied are you with your choice of candidates in this fall’s presidential election?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very satisfied

26%

Somewhat satisfied

33%

Not too satisfied

19%

Not at all satisfied

21%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

How often do you pay attention to what's going on in government and politics?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Always

35%

Most of the time

32%

About half of the time

14%

Some of the time

15%

Never

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

FOLLOW UP: Is that strongly or somewhat?

Date

Pop.

Strongly approve

Somewhat approve

Somewhat disapprove

Strongly disapprove

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

15%

21%

15%

46%

3%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

17

21

13

46

3

(If Pennsylvania voter) Do you approve or disapprove of the way Josh Shapiro is handling his job as governor?

FOLLOW UP: Is that strongly or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Strongly approve

24%

Somewhat approve

33%

Somewhat disapprove

12%

Strongly disapprove

13%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

18%

Tell me whether you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of each of the following.

Donald Trump

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date

Pop.

Very favorable

Somewhat favorable

Somewhat unfavorable

Very unfavorable

[VOL] Have not heard of

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

26%

19%

10%

43%

<.5%

2%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

22

20

13

43

<.5

2

Joe Biden

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date

Pop.

Very favorable

Somewhat favorable

Somewhat unfavorable

Very unfavorable

[VOL] Have not heard of

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

16%

24%

14%

45%

0%

2%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

16

24

15

42

<.5

2

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

7%

Somewhat favorable

34%

Somewhat unfavorable

17%

Very unfavorable

21%

[VOL] Have not heard of

7%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

14%

Joe Rogan [roh-gun], the podcast host

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

13%

Somewhat favorable

21%

Somewhat unfavorable

13%

Very unfavorable

18%

[VOL] Have not heard of

20%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

15%

(If Pennsylvania voter) Bob Casey

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

17%

Somewhat favorable

32%

Somewhat unfavorable

17%

Very unfavorable

14%

[VOL] Have not heard of

8%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

12%

(If Pennsylvania voter) David McCormick

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

12%

Somewhat favorable

30%

Somewhat unfavorable

13%

Very unfavorable

11%

[VOL] Have not heard of

17%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

17%

(If Pennsylvania voter) John Fetterman [FEH-ter-min]

[IF NEEDED: Do you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of them?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

17%

Somewhat favorable

31%

Somewhat unfavorable

19%

Very unfavorable

22%

[VOL] Have not heard of

6%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

What one issue is most important in deciding your vote this November?

[IF NEEDED: If you had to pick just one.]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

[VOL] The economy (including jobs and the stock market)

21%

[VOL] Inflation and the cost of living

7%

[VOL] Abortion

11%

[VOL] Immigration

12%

[VOL] Crime

<1%

[VOL] Gun policies

<1%

[VOL] Health care

2%

[VOL] Education

<1%

[VOL] Foreign policy

5%

[VOL] Russia/the war in Ukraine

<.5%

[VOL] China

<.5%

[VOL] Climate change

1%

[VOL] The state of democracy/corruption

5%

[VOL] Election integrity

<1%

[VOL] Equality/inequality

1%

[VOL] Polarization/division

<.5%

[VOL] Racism/racial issues

<.5%

[VOL] Dislike of opposing candidate (Trump or Biden)

4%

[VOL] Character/competence of candidate (Trump or Biden)

6%

[VOL] The Middle East/Israel/Palestinians

2%

[VOL] Taxes

1%

[VOL] Student loans

<1%

[VOL] Other (specify)

8%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

9%

Thinking about the nation's economy, how would you rate economic conditions today?

[READ LIST]

Date

Pop.

Excellent

Good

Only fair

Poor

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

3%

18%

27%

51%

<1%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

2

16

29

52

<.5

Do you think abortion should be always legal, mostly legal, mostly illegal or always illegal?

Date

Pop.

Always legal

Mostly legal

Mostly illegal

Always illegal

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

37%

27%

19%

8%

9%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023

R.V.

35

27

20

10

8

Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on each of the following:

(Split A) The economy

[IF NEEDED: Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on...]

Date

Pop.

Joe Biden

Donald Trump

[VOL] Don’t know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

36%

58%

6%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023 (Split)

R.V.

37

59

5

(Split A) The Israeli-Palestinian [pah-luh-stin-ian] conflict

[IF NEEDED: Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on...]

Date

Pop.

Joe Biden

Donald Trump

[VOL] Don’t know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

35%

50%

15%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023 (Split)

R.V.

39

50

12

(Split A) Abortion

[IF NEEDED: Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on...]

Date

Pop.

Joe Biden

Donald Trump

[VOL] Don’t know /Refused

Apr. 28-May 9, 2024

R.V.

49%

38%

13%

Oct. 22-Nov. 3, 2023 (Split)

R.V.

49

40

10

(If Pennsylvania voter) Crime

[IF NEEDED: Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on...]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden

42%

Donald Trump

51%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

7%

(If Pennsylvania voter) How would you describe the problem of crime in Pennsylvania?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Major problem

51%

Minor problem

41%

Not a problem

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

4%

(If Pennsylvania voter) How would you describe the problem of crime in your local area?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Major problem

19%

Minor problem

48%

Not a problem

33%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

(If Pennsylvania voter) How confident are you that your community will be relatively safe in the future?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very confident

34%

Somewhat confident

46%

Not too confident

13%

Not at all confident

5%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

Who do you think is most responsible for the Supreme Court ending the constitutional right to an abortion: Joe Biden or Donald Trump?

FOLLOW UP: Does he have a lot of responsibility or some responsibility?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden, a lot of responsibility

8%

Joe Biden, some responsibility

10%

Donald Trump, some responsibility

20%

Donald Trump, a lot of responsibility

36%

[VOL] Neither

12%

[VOL] Both

2%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

13%

Which comes closest to your view about the political and economic system in America, even if none are exactly right?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The system does not need changes

2%

The system needs minor changes

27%

The system needs major changes

55%

The system needs to be torn down entirely

14%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

If Donald Trump won the election, do you think nothing would change, there would be minor changes to how things work, there would be major changes to how things work, or he would tear down the system completely?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Nothing would change

4%

Minor changes to how things work

23%

Major changes to how things work

45%

He would tear down the system entirely

25%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

If Joe Biden won the election, do you think nothing would change, there would be minor changes to how things work, there would be major changes to how things work, or he would tear down the system completely?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Nothing would change

32%

Minor changes to how things work

39%

Major changes to how things work

11%

He would tear down the system entirely

13%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

4%

(If Trump major/minor change or tear down the system) Do you think the changes that Donald Trump would make would be good for the country or bad for the country, or neither good nor bad?

IF GOOD/BAD: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very good for the country

30%

Somewhat good for the country

13%

Somewhat bad for the country

6%

Very bad for the country

29%

Neither good nor bad

12%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

1%

[PREVIOUSLY] Nothing would change

4%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don’t know/Refused

3%

(Without combination) (If Trump major/minor change or tear down the system) Do you think the changes that Donald Trump would make would be good for the country or bad for the country, or neither good nor bad?

IF GOOD/BAD: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very good for the country

32%

Somewhat good for the country

14%

Somewhat bad for the country

7%

Very bad for the country

32%

Neither good nor bad

13%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

(If Biden major/minor change or tear down the system) Do you think the changes that Joe Biden would make would be good for the country or bad for the country, or neither good nor bad?

IF GOOD/BAD: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very good for the country

11%

Somewhat good for the country

13%

Somewhat bad for the country

4%

Very bad for the country

19%

Neither good nor bad

15%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<1%

[PREVIOUSLY] Nothing would change

32%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don’t know/Refused

4%

(Without combination) (If Biden major/minor change or tear down the system) Do you think the changes that Joe Biden would make would be good for the country or bad for the country, or neither good nor bad?

IF GOOD/BAD: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very good for the country

17%

Somewhat good for the country

21%

Somewhat bad for the country

7%

Very bad for the country

30%

Neither good nor bad

24%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

2%

Which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Trained experts are generally too biased to be reliable

36%

Trained experts are generally reliable sources of information

51%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

13%

I’m going to describe two kinds of presidential candidates. Regardless of who you support, tell me which kind of candidate you’d prefer as president:

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

A candidate who promises to bring politics in Washington back to normal

51%

A candidate who promises to fundamentally change America

40%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

9%

(Split B) How much attention would you say you are paying to news about the legal cases against Donald Trump?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

A lot of attention

29%

Some attention

35%

Only a little attention

24%

No attention at all

12%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<1%

(Split B) Thinking about the trial of Donald Trump in New York related to hush money payments made to the porn star Stormy Daniels, do you think that it is likely or unlikely that he will be convicted?

FOLLOW UP: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very likely

15%

Somewhat likely

20%

Somewhat unlikely

28%

Very unlikely

25%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

12%

(Split B) Thinking about Donald Trump’s trial in New York related to hush money payments, do you think he will be able to get a fair and impartial trial?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

45%

No

49%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

In the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians], which side do you sympathize with more: Israel or the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians]?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel

41%

Palestinians

22%

[VOL] Both equally (Includes neither)

18%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

18%

What single news source do you turn to most often?

This could include a social media site or a news site.

[IF NEEDED: If you had to pick just one.]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

[VOL] Fox News

11%

[VOL] CNN

8%

[VOL] MSNBC

4%

[VOL] Public Radio/NPR/PBS

3%

[VOL] Talk radio/conservative personality

<1%

[VOL] National television networks, like CBS, NBC or ABC

10%

[VOL] Local broadcast news (includes non-talk, non-public local radio)

7%

[VOL] National print or online news organizations, like The New York Times or The Wall Street Journal

5%

[VOL] Local print or online news organizations

<1%

[VOL] Social media

17%

[VOL] Friends and family

<1%

[VOL] International news sources (such as the BBC, Al Jazeera and The Guardian)

2%

[VOL] Aggregation sites (such as Bing, Google, Yahoo News or Apple News)

4%

[VOL] Conservative news sites

2%

[VOL] Newsmax

3%

[VOL] Liberal news sites (Such as Mother Jones and Occupy Democrats)

<.5%

[VOL] Doesn’t consume news

3%

[VOL] Other (includes no preference and the internet)

11%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

5%

How often, if ever, do you use social media, such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok or others?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

48%

Sometimes

18%

Rarely

13%

Never

20%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

(If social media user) How often, if ever, do you use TikTok?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

17%

Sometimes

9%

Rarely

11%

Never

44%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

0%

[PREVIOUSLY] Never use social media

20%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

(Without combination) (If social media user) How often, if ever, do you use TikTok?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

21%

Sometimes

11%

Rarely

13%

Never

55%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

0%

How many hours per day do you spend playing video games?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

None at all

61%

More than none but less than 1 hour

15%

More than 1 hour but less than 2

12%

More than 2 hours but less than 3

5%

More than 3 hours but less than 4

2%

More than 4 hours but less than 5

1%

5 hours or more

3%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<1%

Have you yourself ever invested in, traded or used a cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin or Ether [ee-ther]?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

15%

No

84%

[VOL] Have not heard of this

<.5%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<1%

Have you gotten any doses of a Covid-19 vaccine, including boosters?

IF YES: Were you vaccinated just once or have you gotten a Covid-19 vaccine or booster multiple times?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes, multiple times

55%

Yes, just once

16%

No

28%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

1%

Are you, or is any member of your household, a member of a labor union?

[IF YES: Is that you, another household member, or both you and another household member?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes, you are a member

7%

Yes, another member of your household is a member

5%

Yes, you and another member of your household are members

2%

No

84%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

2%

And just a few more questions for demographic purposes...

Do you consider yourself politically liberal, moderate or conservative?


[FOLLOW UP: (If liberal or conservative) Is that very or somewhat?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very liberal

10%

Somewhat liberal

12%

Moderate

35%

Somewhat conservative

20%

Very conservative

16%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

Which of the following general income categories is your total household income before taxes?

[IF NEEDED: I just want to remind you that you are completely anonymous. We only use this information in aggregate form to ensure we have a representative group of people.]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Under $25,000

9%

At least $25,000 but under $50,000

17%

At least $50,000 but under $100,000

29%

At least $100,000 but under $200,000

25%

$200,000 or more

10%

[VOL] Refused

10%

Do you consider yourself Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, Jewish, Muslim, some other religion, or do you have no religious affiliation?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Catholic

18%

Protestant (Christian)

28%

Mormon (LDS)

2%

Jewish

2%

Muslim

<1%

[VOL] Christian (includes Baptist, Lutheran, Episcopalian, Methodist, Adventist, Presbyterian)

12%

[VOL] Greek/Russian Orthodox

<.5%

Some other religion (specify)

3%

No religious affiliation

31%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(If Protestant, Christian, Mormon, Greek/Russian Orthodox or some other religion) Do you consider yourself an evangelical or born-again Christian?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

23%

No

22%

[PREVIOUSLY] Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, no religious affiliation or refused

53%

[VOL] Refused

2%

(Without combination) (If Protestant, Christian, Mormon, Greek/Russian Orthodox or some other religion) Do you consider yourself an evangelical or born-again Christian?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

49%

No

47%

[VOL] Refused

4%

(If independent, another party or not sure) And as of today, do you lean more to:

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The Democratic Party

35%

The Republican Party

41%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

24%

Combined: Party identification and leaners

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The Democratic Party

44%

The Republican Party

46%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

10%

Would you be open to commenting on the issues in this survey and be interested in being contacted by a reporter?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

29%

No

71%

Party ID is self-identified party, without leaners; independents include only self-identified independents. Party registration is the respondent’s party as listed on the voter file.

Gender is self-reported if the respondent completed the full questionnaire; otherwise, it is based on the interviewer’s determination. If neither is available, it is as reported on the voter file.

Neighborhood type is a New York Times classification based on each voter’s address. Voters within a metropolitan area’s central city are classified as living in a city. Voters living in a metropolitan area but outside the central city are considered suburban if they live in a census-designated urban area. All other voters — those living in nonmetropolitan areas and those living in non-urbanized parts of metropolitan areas outside the central city — are classified as living in small towns or rural areas.

Methodology

How These Polls Were Conducted

Here are the key things to know about this set of polls from The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer and Siena College:

• We spoke with 4,097 registered voters from April 28 to May 9, 2024.

• Our polls are conducted by telephone, using live interviewers, in both English and Spanish. Nearly 95 percent of respondents were contacted on a cellphone for this poll.

• Voters are selected for the survey from a list of registered voters. The list contains information on the demographic characteristics of every registered voter, allowing us to make sure we reach the right number of voters of each party, race and region. For this set of polls, we placed nearly 500,000 calls to about 410,000 voters.

• To further ensure that the results reflect the entire voting population, not just those willing to take a poll, we give more weight to respondents from demographic groups underrepresented among survey respondents, like people without a college degree. You can see more information about the characteristics of our respondents and the weighted sample at the bottom of the page, under “Composition of the Sample.”

• When the states are joined together, the margin of sampling error among registered voters is plus or minus 1.8 percentage points. Each state poll has a margin of error ranging from plus or minus 3.6 points in Pennsylvania to plus or minus 4.6 points in Georgia. In theory, this means that the results should reflect the views of the overall population most of the time, though many other challenges create additional sources of error. When computing the difference between two values — such as a candidate’s lead in a race — the margin of error is twice as large.

If you want to read more about how and why we conduct our polls, you can see answers to frequently asked questions and submit your own questions here.

Methodology

The New York Times/Philadelphia Inquirer/Siena College poll in Pennsylvania and the Times/Siena polls in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan and Nevada were conducted in English and Spanish on cellular and landline telephones from April 28 to May 9, 2024. In all, 4,097 registered voters were interviewed. When all states are joined together, the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 1.8 percentage points for all registered voters and plus or minus 1.9 percentage points for the likely electorate.

The margin of sampling error for each state poll is plus or minus 3.6 percentage points in Pennsylvania, plus or minus 4.2 points in Arizona, plus or minus 4.5 points in Michigan, Nevada and Wisconsin, and plus or minus 4.6 percentage points in Georgia.

The Pennsylvania poll was funded by a grant from the Lenfest Institute for Journalism. The poll, which was designed and conducted independently from the institute, includes a deep look at voters in the Philadelphia suburbs using a statistical technique called an oversample. The results are weighted so that in the end, the poll properly reflects the attributes of the entire state and is not biased toward those voters.

Sample

The survey is a response-rate-adjusted stratified sample of registered voters on the L2 voter file. The sample was selected by The New York Times in multiple steps to account for the oversample of the Philadelphia suburbs, differential telephone coverage, nonresponse and significant variation in the productivity of telephone numbers by state.

The L2 voter file for each state was stratified by statehouse district, party, race, gender, marital status, household size, turnout history, age and homeownership. The proportion of registrants with a telephone number and the mean expected response rate, based on prior Times/Siena polls, were calculated for each stratum. The initial selection weight was equal to the reciprocal of a stratum’s mean telephone coverage and modeled response rate. For respondents with multiple telephone numbers on the L2 file, the number with the highest modeled response rate was selected.

Fielding

The samples for each state were stratified by party, race and region and fielded by the Siena College Research Institute, with additional field work by ReconMR, the Public Opinion Research Lab at the University of North Florida, the Institute for Policy and Opinion Research at Roanoke College, and the Center for Public Opinion and Policy Research at Winthrop University in South Carolina. Interviewers asked for the person named on the voter file and ended the interview if the intended respondent was not available. Overall, 94 percent of respondents were reached on a cellular telephone.

The instrument was translated into Spanish by ReconMR, and Spanish-speaking interviewers were assigned to the modeled Hispanic sample. Bilingual interviewers began the interview in English and were instructed to follow the lead of the respondent in determining whether to conduct the survey in English or Spanish. Monolingual Spanish-speaking respondents who were initially contacted by English-speaking interviewers were recontacted by Spanish-speaking interviewers. Overall, 19 percent of interviews among self-reported Hispanics were conducted in Spanish, including 21 percent in Nevada and 17 percent in Arizona.

An interview was determined to be complete for the purposes of inclusion in the ballot test questions if the respondent did not drop out of the survey by the end of the two self-reported variables used in weighting — age and education — and answered at least one of the age, education, race or presidential election ballot test questions.

Weighting — registered voters

The survey was weighted by The Times using the R survey package in multiple steps.

First, the samples were adjusted for unequal probability of selection by stratum.

Second, the five state samples and the samples of the the Philadelphia suburbs and the rest of Pennsylvania were weighted separately to match voter-file-based parameters for the characteristics of registered voters by state.

The following targets were used:

• Party (party registration if available, else classification based on a model of vote choice in prior Times/Siena polls) by modeled L2 race (except Wisconsin)

• Age by gender (self-reported age, or voter file age if the respondent refuses)

• Race or ethnicity (L2 model)

• Education (four categories of self-reported education, weighted to match NYT-based targets derived from Times/Siena polls, census data and the L2 voter file)

• White/nonwhite by education (L2 model of race by self-reported education, weighted to match NYT-based targets derived from Times/Siena polls, census data and the L2 voter file)

• Marital status (L2 model)

• Homeownership (L2 model)

• State regions (NYT classifications by county or city)

• Turnout history (NYT classifications based on L2 data)

• Vote method in the 2020 elections (NYT classifications based on L2 data)

• History of voting in the 2020 presidential primary (Pennsylvania and Wisconsin only, NYT classifications based on L2 data)

• Census block group density (Arizona only, based on American Community Survey five-year census block-group data)

• Census tract educational attainment

In Pennsylvania, the samples from the Philadelphia suburbs and the rest of the state were combined and adjusted to account for the oversample of the Philadelphia suburbs.

Finally, the six state samples were balanced to each represent one-sixth of the sum of the weights.

The sample of respondents who completed all questions in the survey was weighted identically, as well as to the result for the general election horse race question (including leaners) on the full sample.

Weighting — likely electorate

The survey was weighted by The Times using the R survey package in multiple steps.

First, the samples were adjusted for unequal probability of selection by stratum.

Second, the first-stage weight was adjusted to account for the probability that a registrant would vote in the 2024 election, based on a model of turnout in the 2020 election.

Third, the five state samples and the samples of the Philadelphia suburbs and the rest of Pennsylvania were weighted separately to match targets for the composition of the likely electorate. The targets for the composition of the likely electorate were derived by aggregating the individual-level turnout estimates described in the previous step for registrants on the L2 voter file. The categories used in weighting were the same as those previously mentioned for registered voters.

In Pennsylvania, the samples from the Philadelphia suburbs and the rest of the state were combined and adjusted to account for the oversample of the Philadelphia suburbs.

Fourth, the initial likely electorate weight was adjusted to incorporate self-reported vote intention. The final probability that a registrant would vote in the 2024 election was four-fifths based on their ex ante modeled turnout score and one-fifth based on their self-reported intention, based on prior Times/Siena polls, including a penalty to account for the tendency of survey respondents to turn out at higher rates than nonrespondents. The final likely electorate weight was equal to the modeled electorate rake weight, multiplied by the final turnout probability and divided by the ex ante modeled turnout probability.

Finally, the six state samples were balanced to each represent one-sixth of the sum of the weights.

The sample of respondents who completed all questions in the survey was weighted identically, as well as to the result for the general election horse race question (including leaners) on the full sample.

The margin of error accounts for the survey’s design effect, a measure of the loss of statistical power due to survey design and weighting. The design effect for the full sample is 1.33 for registered voters and 1.5 for the likely electorate. The design effect for the sample of completed interviews is 1.38 for registered voters and 1.53 for the likely electorate.

Historically, The Times/Siena Poll’s error at the 95th percentile has been plus or minus 5.1 percentage points in surveys taken over the final three weeks before an election. Real-world error includes sources of error beyond sampling error, such as nonresponse bias, coverage error, late shifts among undecided voters and error in estimating the composition of the electorate.

Composition of the Sample

Group

Unweighted All R.V.s

Weighted All R.V.s

Weighted Likely Electorate

N

Gender

Men

51%

48%

48%

2103

Women

48

51

51

1957

Age

18 to 29

18%

16%

13%

726

30 to 44

23

23

21

926

45 to 64

31

31

33

1254

65 and older

25

25

28

1032

Education

High school

20%

32%

29%

829

Some college

36

32

32

1455

College

24

21

23

973

Post-graduate

20

13

15

811

Home Ownership (L2 Model)

Likely renter

25%

25%

21%

1014

Likely homeowner

44

45

51

1796

Unknown

31

29

28

1287

Marital Status (L2 Model)

Married

31%

32%

38%

1282

Nontraditional

9

8

9

370

Unknown

60

60

54

2445

Party (Self-Reported)

Democrat

30%

28%

29%

1211

Republican

27

27

30

1104

Independent

33

33

31

1345

Party (Based on L2 Data)

Democrat

34%

32%

35%

1377

Republican

32

31

36

1295

Other

35

37

29

1425

Race (L2 Model)

White

67%

64%

67%

2732

Hispanic

9

10

9

376

Black

10

10

8

391

Asian

2

2

2

74

Other

3

4

4

141

Race (L2 Model)

White

67%

64%

67%

2732

Nonwhite

24

26

23

988

Turnout History (Based on L2 Data)

Voted in last midterm and in a primary

49%

46%

56%

1995

Voted in last two midterms

21

22

24

852

Voted in last general, no midterm

10

11

9

400

Did not vote in last general or midterm

10

12

5

427

New registrant

10

9

6

423