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Toplines: December 2023 Times/Siena Poll of Registered Voters Nationwide

Donald Trump leads Joe Biden by 46 percent to 44 percent among registered voters.

Toplines | Registered Voter Cross-Tabs | Likely Electorate Cross-Tabs

Thinking ahead to next year’s presidential general election, are you almost certain that you will vote, very likely to vote, somewhat likely to vote, not very likely to vote or not at all likely to vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Almost certain

53%

Very likely

29%

Somewhat likely

10%

Not very likely

2%

Not at all likely

5%

[VOLUNTEERED] Already voted

0%

[VOLUNTEERED] Don't know/Refused

1%

(Includes leaners) If the 2024 presidential election were held today, who would you vote for if the candidates were:

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden, the Democrat

44%

Donald Trump, the Republican

46%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

9%

(Without leaners) If the 2024 presidential election were held today, who would you vote for if the candidates were:

[READ LIST]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today, are you leaning toward one candidate?]

Date

Pop.

Joe Biden, the Democrat

Donald Trump, the Republican

[VOL] Another candidate

[VOL] Not going to vote /wouldn't vote if those were the choices

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Dec. 10-14, 2023

R.V.

39%

41%

7%

5%

7%

July 23-27, 2023

R.V.

43

43

4

6

4

Oct. 9-12, 2022

R.V.

42

43

5

6

4

Sept. 6-14, 2022

R.V.

45

42

6

4

4

July 5-7, 2022

R.V.

44

41

4

6

4

(If not supporting Trump or Biden) If you had to decide between the two today, would you lean more toward:

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden, the Democrat

26%

Donald Trump, the Republican

24%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

50%

In the 2024 presidential primaries and caucuses, do you think you will vote in the Republican primary or the Democratic primary, or are you unlikely to vote in a presidential primary or caucus?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Democratic primary

34%

Republican primary

38%

Unlikely to vote in primary or caucus

21%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

8%

(If Republican primary voter) If the election for the Republican nominee for president were held today, which candidate would you be MOST likely to vote for?

[DO NOT READ LIST]

[IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT PROVIDE A NAME, READ LIST AND STOP WHEN RESPONDENT GIVES A NAME. (You do not have to read the entire list.)]

[IF NEEDED: If you had to decide today...]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump

64%

Ron DeSantis [Duh-San-Tis]

9%

Nikki Haley

11%

Vivek Ramaswamy [Viv-AKE Rahm-uh-SWAM-ee]

5%

Asa [AYE-suh] Hutchinson

<.5%

Chris Christie

3%

[VOL] Someone else (specify)

<.5%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

8%

(Recoded to age) In what year were you born?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

18-29

16%

30-44

23%

45-64

31%

65+

26%

Refused

4%

What is the highest educational level that you have completed?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Grade school

1%

High school

30%

Vocational or trade school

4%

Some college, no degree

17%

Associate’s degree

9%

Bachelor's degree

23%

Graduate or professional degree

14%

[VOL] Refused

2%

What do you think is the MOST important problem facing the country today?

[IF NEEDED: If you had to pick one that you think is the MOST important...]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

[VOL] The economy (including jobs and the stock market)

20%

[VOL] Inflation and the cost of living

14%

[VOL] Abortion

<1%

[VOL] Immigration

10%

[VOL] Crime

2%

[VOL] Gun policies

2%

[VOL] Health care

3%

[VOL] Education

1%

[VOL] Foreign policy

5%

[VOL] Russia/the war in Ukraine

<.5%

[VOL] China

<.5%

[VOL] Climate change

2%

[VOL] Coronavirus

0%

[VOL] The state of democracy/corruption

7%

[VOL] Election integrity

<.5%

[VOL] Equality/inequality

6%

[VOL] Polarization/division

7%

[VOL] Racism/racial issues

1%

[VOL] Trump/Republicans

3%

[VOL] Biden/Biden administration/Democrats

5%

[VOL] The Middle East/Israel/Palestinians

1%

[VOL] Other (specify)

4%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling his job as president?

FOLLOW UP: Is that strongly or somewhat?

Date

Pop.

Strongly approve

Somewhat approve

Somewhat disapprove

Strongly disapprove

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Dec. 10-14, 2023

R.V.

12%

25%

15%

43%

6%

July 23-27, 2023

R.V.

18

21

12

42

7

Oct. 9-12, 2022

R.V.

16

22

15

42

6

Sept. 6-14, 2022

R.V.

18

23

9

44

5

July 5-7, 2022

R.V.

13

20

15

45

6

Tell me whether you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of Donald Trump.

Date

Pop.

Very favorable

Somewhat favorable

Somewhat unfavorable

Very unfavorable

[VOL] Have not heard of

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Dec. 10-14, 2023

R.V.

24%

19%

12%

43%

<.5%

3%

July 23-27, 2023

R.V.

21

20

11

44

0

4

Oct. 9-12, 2022

R.V.

22

20

10

42

<.5

5

Sept. 6-14, 2022

R.V.

23

20

9

44

<.5

3

July 5-7, 2022

R.V.

21

18

8

49

3

Oct. 15-18, 2020

L.V.

33

10

6

48

3

Sept. 22-24, 2020

L.V.

33

11

6

47

3

June 17-22, 2020

R.V.

27

13

6

50

4

Tell me whether you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of Joe Biden.

Date

Pop.

Very favorable

Somewhat favorable

Somewhat unfavorable

Very unfavorable

[VOL] Have not heard of

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Dec. 10-14, 2023

R.V.

13%

26%

20%

37%

0%

4%

July 23-27, 2023

R.V.

17

26

16

38

3

Sept. 6-14, 2022

R.V.

20

27

11

40

3

July 5-7, 2022

R.V.

14

25

18

40

3

Oct. 15-18, 2020

L.V.

31

22

8

35

4

Sept. 22-24, 2020

L.V.

28

24

11

33

4

June 17-22, 2020

R.V.

26

26

15

27

5

(If Republican primary voter) Tell me whether you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of Ron DeSantis [Duh-SAN-Tis].

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

20%

Somewhat favorable

38%

Somewhat unfavorable

15%

Very unfavorable

13%

[VOL] Have not heard of

7%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

8%

(If Republican primary voter) Tell me whether you have a very favorable, somewhat favorable, somewhat unfavorable or very unfavorable opinion of Nikki Haley.

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very favorable

11%

Somewhat favorable

31%

Somewhat unfavorable

16%

Very unfavorable

12%

[VOL] Have not heard of

13%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

17%

Regardless of how you might vote, tell me whether you trust Joe Biden or Donald Trump to do a better job on the Israeli-Palestinian [pah-luh-stin-ian] conflict.

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Joe Biden

38%

Donald Trump

46%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

15%

Do you approve or disapprove of the way Joe Biden is handling the Israeli-Palestinian [pah-luh-stin-ian] conflict?

FOLLOW UP: Is that strongly or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Strongly approve

11%

Somewhat approve

22%

Somewhat disapprove

21%

Strongly disapprove

36%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

11%

(If disapprove of Biden on Israel) Do you think Joe Biden is too supportive of Israel, too supportive of the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians], or is his support of Israel and the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians] about right?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Too supportive of Israel

19%

Too supportive of the Palestinians

16%

About right

22%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

0%

[PREVIOUSLY] Strongly approve

11%

[PREVIOUSLY] Somewhat approve

22%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don't know/Refused

11%

(Without combination) (If disapprove of Biden on Israel) Do you think Joe Biden is too supportive of Israel, too supportive of the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians], or is his support of Israel and the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians] about right?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Too supportive of Israel

33%

Too supportive of the Palestinians

28%

About right

39%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

0%

Do you support or oppose providing additional economic and military support to Israel?

[FOLLOW UP: Is that strongly or somewhat?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Strongly support

27%

Somewhat support

27%

Somewhat oppose

16%

Strongly oppose

22%

[VOL] Have not heard of this

<.5%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

7%

In the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians], which side do you sympathize with more; Israel or the Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians]?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel

47%

Palestinians

20%

[VOL] Both equally

13%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

20%

[ROTATE ORDER OF NEXT TWO QUESTIONS] Thinking about the broader Israeli-Palestinian [pah-luh-stin-ian] conflict, do you think Israel is seriously interested in a peaceful solution, or is it not seriously interested in a peaceful solution?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel is seriously interested in a peaceful solution

45%

Israel is NOT seriously interested in a peaceful solution

38%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

17%

Thinking about the broader Israeli-Palestinian [pah-luh-stin-ian] conflict, do you think Palestinians [pah-luh-stin-ians] are seriously interested in a peaceful solution, or are they not seriously interested in a peaceful solution?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Palestinians are seriously interested in a peaceful solution

34%

Palestinians are NOT seriously interested in a peaceful solution

46%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

20%

(Split A) Which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel should stop its military campaign in order to protect against civilian casualties, even if not all Israeli hostages have been released.

44%

Israel should continue its military campaign until all hostages are released, even if it means civilian casualties in Gaza might continue.

39%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

17%

(Split B) Which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel should stop its military campaign in order to protect against civilian casualties, even if Hamas has not been fully eliminated.

44%

Israel should continue its military campaign until Hamas is fully eliminated, even if it means the civilian casualties in Gaza might continue.

38%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

18%

(Combined) Which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Israel should stop its military campaign ...

44%

Israel should continue its military campaign ...

39%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

18%

Thinking about Israel’s military operation in Gaza, do you think Israel …

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Is taking enough precautions to avoid civilian casualties

30%

Is NOT taking enough precautions to avoid civilian casualties

48%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

21%

(If not taking enough precautions) Do you think Israel is intentionally or unintentionally killing civilians?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Intentionally

22%

Unintentionally

21%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

5%

[PREVIOUSLY] Is taking enough precautions to avoid civilian casualties

30%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don't know/Refused

21%

(Without combination) (If not taking enough precautions) Do you think Israel is intentionally or unintentionally killing civilians?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Intentionally

44%

Unintentionally

44%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

11%

How much attention would you say you are paying to news about the legal cases against Donald Trump?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

A lot of attention

21%

Some attention

31%

Only a little attention

28%

No attention at all

19%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

1%

Thinking generally about all the criminal cases against Donald Trump, which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The charges against Donald Trump are mostly politically motivated

46%

Donald Trump was charged mostly because prosecutors believed he committed crimes

48%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

6%

Thinking about the investigations into Donald Trump, do you think that Donald Trump has or has not committed any serious federal crimes?

Date

Pop.

Donald Trump has committed serious federal crimes

Donald Trump has not committed serious federal crimes

[VOL] Don't know /Refused

Dec. 10-14, 2023

R.V.

58%

33%

9%

July 23-27, 2023

R.V.

14

Sept. 6-14, 2022

R.V.

11

July 5-7, 2022 *

R.V.

11

* Wording was: Do you think that Donald Trump did or did not commit any serious federal crimes in the aftermath of the 2020 election?

Thinking about Donald Trump’s upcoming federal trial related to attempts to overturn the 2020 election, do you think he will be able to get a fair and impartial trial?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

43%

No

49%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

8%

Regardless of what you believe about the last election, which comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right?

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump genuinely believed that the election was stolen

47%

Donald Trump knowingly made false claims that the election was stolen

47%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

6%

Thinking about the federal trial against Donald Trump related to attempts to overturn the 2020 election, do you think he should be found guilty or not guilty?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump should be found guilty

47%

Donald Trump should be found NOT guilty

39%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

14%

If Donald Trump is found guilty in the federal trial related to attempts to overturn the 2020 election, should he be sentenced to prison or should he not be sentenced to prison?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump should be sentenced to prison

50%

Donald Trump should NOT be sentenced to prison

40%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

11%

Thinking about the federal trial against Donald Trump related to attempts to overturn the 2020 election, do you think it is likely or unlikely that he will be convicted at the end of the trial?

FOLLOW UP: Is that very or somewhat?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very likely

13%

Somewhat likely

22%

Somewhat unlikely

28%

Very unlikely

25%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

12%

(If Republican primary voter) Which statement comes closer to your view on what should happen if Donald Trump wins the most votes in the Republican primary and is then convicted of a crime?

[READ LIST; ROTATE RESPONSE OPTIONS]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump should NOT be the Republican nominee if he is convicted of a crime, even if he has won the most votes in the primary.

32%

Donald Trump should be the Republican nominee if he has won the most votes in the primary, even if he is convicted of a crime.

62%

[VOL] Don’t know/Refused

7%

What single news source do you turn to most often?

This could include a social media site or a news site.


[IF NEEDED: If you had to pick just one.]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

[VOL] Fox News

13%

[VOL] CNN

10%

[VOL] MSNBC

3%

[VOL] Public Radio/NPR/PBS

4%

[VOL] Talk radio/conservative personality

<1%

[VOL] National television networks, like CBS, NBC or ABC

13%

[VOL] Local broadcast news (includes non-talk, non-public local radio)

5%

[VOL] National print or online news organizations, like The New York Times or The Wall Street Journal

8%

[VOL] Local print or online news organizations

1%

[VOL] Social media

15%

[VOL] Friends and family

<.5%

[VOL] International news sources (such as the BBC, Al Jazeera and The Guardian)

3%

[VOL] Aggregation sites (such as Bing, Google, Yahoo News or Apple News)

5%

[VOL] Conservative news sites

3%

[VOL] Newsmax

2%

[VOL] Liberal news sites (Such as Mother Jones and Occupy Democrats)

<1%

[VOL] Doesn’t consume news

2%

[VOL] Other (includes no preference and the internet)

6%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

6%

How often, if ever, do you use social media, such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok or others?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

47%

Sometimes

21%

Rarely

13%

Never

18%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

1%

(If social media user) How often, if ever, do you use TikTok?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

15%

Sometimes

9%

Rarely

14%

Never

42%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

[PREVIOUSLY] Never use social media

18%

[PREVIOUSLY] Don't know/Refused

1%

(Without combination) (If social media user) How often, if ever, do you use TikTok?

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Often

18%

Sometimes

11%

Rarely

18%

Never

52%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

<.5%

Now just a few questions for demographic purposes...

Are you of Hispanic origin or descent, such as Mexican, Dominican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or some other Spanish background?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

13%

No

85%

[VOL] Refused

2%

Would you consider yourself:

[IF biracial or multiracial ask: What races would that be?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

White

72%

Black or African American

13%

Asian or Asian American

3%

Native American

2%

[VOL] Some other race (specify)

4%

[VOL] More than one race

2%

[VOL] Refused

4%

Do you consider yourself politically liberal, moderate or conservative?

[FOLLOW UP: (If liberal or conservative) Is that very or somewhat?]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Very liberal

11%

Somewhat liberal

13%

Moderate

34%

Somewhat conservative

19%

Very conservative

16%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

7%

Which of the following general income categories is your total household income before taxes?

[IF NEEDED: I just want to remind you that you are completely anonymous. We only use this information in aggregate form to ensure we have a representative group of people.]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Under $25,000

10%

At least $25,000 but under $50,000

18%

At least $50,000 but under $100,000

24%

At least $100,000 but under $200,000

25%

$200,000 or more

14%

[VOL] Refused

9%

Do you consider yourself Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, Jewish, Muslim, some other religion, or do you have no religious affiliation?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Catholic

17%

Protestant (Christian)

31%

Mormon (LDS)

<1%

Jewish

2%

Muslim

<1%

[VOL] Christian (includes Baptist, Lutheran, Episcopalian, Methodist, Adventist, Presbyterian)

11%

[VOL] Greek/Russian Orthodox

<.5%

Some other religion (specify)

3%

No religious affiliation

30%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

3%

(If Protestant, Christian, Mormon, Greek/Russian Orthodox or some other religion) Do you consider yourself an evangelical or born-again Christian?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

24%

No

21%

[PREVIOUSLY] Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, no religious affiliation or refused

52%

[VOL] Refused

3%

(Without combination) (If Protestant, Christian, Mormon, Greek/Russian Orthodox or some other religion) Do you consider yourself an evangelical or born-again Christian?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

49%

No

45%

[VOL] Refused

6%

Do you consider yourself a Democrat, a Republican, an independent or a member of another party?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Democrat

30%

Republican

30%

Independent

30%

Another party

3%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

7%

(If independent, another party or not sure) And as of today, do you lean more to:

[READ LIST]

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The Democratic Party

37%

The Republican Party

39%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

24%

Combined: Party identification and leaners

Date:

Pop.:

N:

The Democratic Party

45%

The Republican Party

46%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

10%

Who did you vote for in the 2020 presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, or did you not vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump

35%

Joe Biden

43%

I did not vote

16%

[VOL] Someone else

2%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

4%

(Excluding "I did not vote") Who did you vote for in the 2020 presidential election between Donald Trump and Joe Biden, or did you not vote?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Donald Trump

41%

Joe Biden

51%

[VOL] Someone else

3%

[VOL] Don't know/Refused

5%

Would you be open to commenting on the issues in this survey and be interested in being contacted by a reporter?

Date:

Pop.:

N:

Yes

28%

No

72%

Party ID is self-identified party, without leaners; independents include only self-identified independents. Party registration is the respondent’s party as listed on the voter file.

Methodology

The New York Times/Siena College poll of 1,016 registered voters nationwide was conducted in English and Spanish on cellular and landline telephones from Dec. 10 to 14, 2023. The margin of sampling error is +/- 3.5 percentage points for registered voters and +/- 3.7 percentage points for the likely electorate.

Sample

The survey is a response rate-adjusted stratified sample of registered voters on the L2 voter file. The sample was selected by The New York Times in multiple steps to account for differential telephone coverage, nonresponse and significant variation in the productivity of telephone numbers by state.

First, records were selected by state. To adjust for noncoverage bias, the L2 voter file was stratified by statehouse district, party, race, gender, marital status, household size, turnout history, age and home ownership. The proportion of registrants with a telephone number and the mean expected response rate were calculated for each stratum. The mean expected response rate was based on a model of unit nonresponse in prior Times/Siena surveys. The initial selection weight was equal to the reciprocal of a stratum’s mean telephone coverage and modeled response rate. For respondents with multiple telephone numbers on the L2 file, the number with the highest modeled response rate was selected.

Second, state records were selected for the national sample. The number of records selected by state was based on a model of unit nonresponse in prior Times/Siena national surveys as a function of state (as a random effect), telephone number quality, age, race, turnout and metropolitan status. The state’s share of records was equal to the reciprocal of the mean response rate of the state’s records, divided by the national sum of the weights.

Fielding

The sample was stratified by party, race and region and fielded by the Siena College Research Institute, with additional field work by ReconMR, the Public Opinion Research Laboratory at the University of North Florida and the Institute of Policy and Opinion Research at Roanoke College. Interviewers asked for the person named on the voter file and ended the interview if the intended respondent was not available. Overall, 95 percent of respondents were reached on a cellular telephone.

The instrument was translated into Spanish by ReconMR. Bilingual interviewers began the interview in English and were instructed to follow the lead of the respondent in determining whether to conduct the survey in English or Spanish. Monolingual Spanish-speaking respondents who were initially contacted by English-speaking interviewers were recontacted by Spanish-speaking interviewers. Overall, 9 percent of interviews among self-reported Hispanics were conducted in Spanish, including 14 percent of weighted interviews.

Weighting — registered voters

The survey was weighted by The Times using the R survey package in multiple steps.

First, the sample was adjusted for unequal probability of selection by stratum.

Second, the sample was weighted to match voter file-based parameters for the characteristics of registered voters.

The following targets were used:

• Party (party registration if available, else classification based on a model of vote choice in prior Times/Siena polls) by whether the respondent’s race is modeled as white or nonwhite (L2 model)

• Age (Self-reported age, or voter file age if the respondent refuses) by gender (L2).

• Race or ethnicity (L2 model)

• Education (four categories of self-reported education, weighted to match NYT-based targets derived from Times/Siena polls, census data and the L2 voter file)

• White/non-white race by college or non-college educational attainment (L2 model of race weighted to match NYT-based targets for self-reported education)

• Marital status (L2 model)

• Home ownership (L2 model)

• National region (NYT classifications by state)

• Turnout history (NYT classifications based on L2 data)

• Vote method in the 2020 elections (NYT classifications based on L2 data)

• Metropolitan status (2013 NCHS Urban–Rural Classification Scheme for Counties)

Weighting — likely electorate

The survey was weighted by The Times using the R survey package in multiple steps.

First, the samples were adjusted for unequal probability of selection by stratum.

Second, the first-stage weight was adjusted to account for the probability that a registrant would vote in the 2024 election, based on a model of turnout in the 2020 election.

Third, the sample was weighted to match targets for the composition of the likely electorate. The targets for the composition of the likely electorate were derived by aggregating the individual-level turnout estimates described in the previous step for registrants on the L2 voter file. The categories used in weighting were the same as those previously mentioned for registered voters.

Fourth, the initial likely electorate weight was adjusted to incorporate self-reported vote intention. The final probability that a registrant would vote in the 2024 election was four-fifths based on their ex ante modeled turnout score and one-fifth based on their self-reported intention, based on prior Times/Siena polls, including a penalty to account for the tendency of survey respondents to turn out at higher rates than nonrespondents. The final likely electorate weight was equal to the modeled electorate rake weight, multiplied by the final turnout probability and divided by the ex ante modeled turnout probability.

The margin of error accounts for the survey’s design effect, a measure of the loss of statistical power due to survey design and weighting. The design effect is 1.29 for registered voters and 1.47 for the likely electorate.

Composition of the Sample

Group

Unweighted All R.V.s

Weighted All R.V.s

Weighted Likely Electorate

N

Gender

Men

49%

47%

46%

496

Women

49

51

52

496

Age

18 to 29

18

16

13

179

30 to 44

25

23

22

259

45 to 64

31

31

34

318

65 and older

22

26

29

222

Education

High school

15

31

29

150

Some college

34

30

30

348

College

27

23

24

277

Post-graduate

22

14

16

227

Home Ownership (L2 Model)

Likely renter

27

27

23

272

Likely homeowner

45

46

51

460

Unknown

28

27

26

284

Marital Status (L2 Model)

Married

34

33

39

344

Nontraditional

9

8

9

88

Unknown

57

58

52

584

Party (Self-Reported)

Democrat

30

30

32

304

Republican

29

30

32

299

Independent

32

30

29

321

Party (Based on L2 Data)

Democrat

35

34

36

358

Republican

29

29

33

292

Other

36

37

30

366

Race (L2 Model)

White

62

63

66

633

Nonwhite

30

29

26

303

National Region

Midwest

20

21

22

207

Northeast

22

21

20

222

South

35

35

34

356

West

23

23

24

231

Turnout History (Based on L2 Data)

Voted in last midterm and in a primary

41

41

51

416

Voted in last two midterms

24

24

26

239

Voted in last general, no midterm

12

13

12

121

Did not vote in last general or midterm

15

15

6

149

New registrant

9

8

5

91