Abstract
To understand how extratropical cyclones (ETCs) may change in a warmer climate, we conduct idealized baroclinic life cycle simulations using the ICON-NWP model with varied initial conditions. With respect to a present-day climate, two experiments are highlighted: a 4K uniform warming and a more realistic late 21st-century warming pattern projected by a CMIP6 model. Different ETC deepening mechanisms, especially by diabatic processes, are quantified via the pressure tendency equation analysis, and the horizontal model resolution dependency is examined by contrasting coarse-grid (80 km) and convection-permitting (2.5 km) simulations. While our simulated ETCs are primarily baroclinically driven, dominated by the horizontal warm-air advection in the air column above the surface low, such an effect only strengthens by 10% in both warming experiments. However, the direct contribution of diabatic heating to surface pressure drop almost doubles, which likely feeds back positively to horizontal warm-air advection. Although their combined response to warming is pronounced, it is largely offset by the strengthened adiabatic cooling (17%) due to enhanced upward motions in warmer and moister ETCs, leading to a marginal ETC deepening at maturity (lowers by ~ 1.5–4 hPa). Nevertheless, the near-surface impacts strongly increase, particularly the local extreme precipitation (up to 56%). The convection-permitting and the coarse-grid simulations show qualitatively consistent ETC responses to global warming. We suggest that the systematically weaker ETCs (with higher central pressure) in 2.5 km compared to 80 km simulations might be primarily caused by model uncertainty in representing the convective-diabatic heating over the warm front near the cyclone core.
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Current affiliation: Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
