The Global Burden of Cancer 2013

doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735

. 2015 Jul;1(4):505-27.

doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735.

The Global Burden of Cancer 2013

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration; Christina Fitzmaurice¹, Daniel Dicker², Amanda Pain², Hannah Hamavid², Maziar Moradi-Lakeh³, Michael F MacIntyre², Christine Allen², Gillian Hansen², Rachel Woodbrook², Charles Wolfe⁴, Randah R Hamadeh⁵, Ami Moore⁶, Andrea Werdecker⁷, Bradford D Gessner⁸, Braden Te Ao⁹, Brian McMahon¹⁰, Chante Karimkhani¹¹, Chuanhua Yu¹², Graham S Cooke¹³, David C Schwebel¹⁴, David O Carpenter¹⁵, David M Pereira¹⁶, Denis Nash¹⁷, Dhruv S Kazi¹⁸, Diego De Leo¹⁹, Dietrich Plass²⁰, Kingsley N Ukwaja²¹, George D Thurston²², Kim Yun Jin²³, Edgar P Simard²⁴, Edward Mills²⁵, Eun-Kee Park²⁶, Ferrán Catalá-López²⁷, Gabrielle deVeber²⁸, Carolyn Gotay²⁹, Gulfaraz Khan³⁰, H Dean Hosgood 3rd³¹, Itamar S Santos³², Janet L Leasher³³, Jasvinder Singh³⁴, James Leigh³⁵, Jost B Jonas³⁶, Juan Sanabria³⁷, Justin Beardsley³⁸, Kathryn H Jacobsen³⁹, Ken Takahashi⁴⁰, Richard C Franklin⁴¹, Luca Ronfani⁴², Marcella Montico⁴², Luigi Naldi⁴³, Marcello Tonelli⁴⁴, Johanna Geleijnse⁴⁵, Max Petzold⁴⁶, Mark G Shrime⁴⁷, Mustafa Younis⁴⁸, Naohiro Yonemoto⁴⁹, Nicholas Breitborde⁵⁰, Paul Yip⁵¹, Farshad Pourmalek⁵², Paulo A Lotufo³², Alireza Esteghamati⁵³, Graeme J Hankey⁵⁴, Raghib Ali⁵⁵, Raimundas Lunevicius⁵⁶, Reza Malekzadeh⁵⁷, Robert Dellavalle⁵⁸, Robert Weintraub⁵⁹, Robyn Lucas⁶⁰, Roderick Hay⁶¹, David Rojas-Rueda⁶², Ronny Westerman⁶³, Sadaf G Sepanlou⁶⁴, Sandra Nolte⁶⁵, Scott Patten⁶⁶, Scott Weichenthal⁶⁷, Semaw Ferede Abera⁶⁸, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad⁶⁹, Ivy Shiue⁷⁰, Tim Driscoll⁷¹, Tommi Vasankari⁷², Ubai Alsharif⁷³, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar⁷⁴, Vasiliy V Vlassov⁷⁵, W S Marcenes⁷⁶, Wubegzier Mekonnen⁷⁷, Yohannes Adama Melaku⁷⁸, Yuichiro Yano⁷⁹, Al Artaman⁸⁰, Ismael Campos⁴⁷, Jennifer MacLachlan⁸¹, Ulrich Mueller⁸², Daniel Kim⁸³, Matias Trillini⁸⁴, Babak Eshrati⁸⁵, Hywel C Williams⁸⁶, Kenji Shibuya⁸⁷, Rakhi Dandona⁸⁸, Kinnari Murthy⁸⁸, Benjamin Cowie⁸¹, Azmeraw T Amare⁸⁹, Carl Abelardo Antonio⁹⁰, Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela⁹¹, Coen H van Gool⁹², Francesco Violante⁹³, In-Hwan Oh⁹⁴, Kedede Deribe⁹⁵, Kjetil Soreide⁹⁶, Luke Knibbs⁹⁷, Maia Kereselidze⁹⁸, Mark Green⁹⁹, Rosario Cardenas¹⁰⁰, Nobhojit Roy¹⁰¹, Taavi Tillmann¹⁰², Yongmei Li¹⁰³, Hans Krueger²⁹, Lorenzo Monasta⁴², Subhojit Dey¹⁰⁴, Sara Sheikhbahaei⁵³, Nima Hafezi-Nejad⁵³, G Anil Kumar⁸⁸, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy¹⁰⁵, Lalit Dandona¹⁰⁶, Haidong Wang², Stein Emil Vollset¹⁰⁷, Ali Mokdad², Joshua A Salomon⁴⁷, Rafael Lozano¹⁰⁸, Theo Vos², Mohammad Forouzanfar², Alan Lopez¹⁰⁹, Christopher Murray², Mohsen Naghavi²

Affiliations

¹ Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle3Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴ King's College London, London, England.
⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁶ University of North Texas, Denton.
⁷ Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany.
⁸ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
⁹ Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁰ Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska.
¹¹ College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York.
¹² Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹³ Imperial College London, London, England.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
¹⁵ Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York.
¹⁶ Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, University do Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷ School of Public Health, Hunter College Campus, City University of New York, New York.
¹⁸ University of California, San Francisco.
¹⁹ Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
²⁰ Federal Environment Agency Section on Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Berlin, Germany.
²¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
²² Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York.
²³ Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia.
²⁴ Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
²⁵ University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
²⁷ Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
²⁸ University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³⁰ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
³¹ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
³² Centre for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³³ Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
³⁴ Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
³⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio38Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Chicago Medical School at Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago, Illinois.
³⁸ Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
³⁹ Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁴⁰ Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
⁴¹ College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
⁴² Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
⁴³ Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁴⁴ University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁵ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden48School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁴⁷ Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁸ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
⁴⁹ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Japan.
⁵⁰ University of Arizona, Tucson.
⁵¹ The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁵² Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵³ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁴ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia.
⁵⁵ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁵⁶ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England.
⁵⁷ Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁸ Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver61Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver.
⁵⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia63Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
⁶⁰ National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
⁶¹ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England.
⁶² Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶³ University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶⁴ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁵ Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁶ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁶⁷ Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁰ Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England75University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
⁷¹ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁷² UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
⁷³ Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁴ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁵ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
⁷⁶ Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, England.
⁷⁷ School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁷⁸ College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁷⁹ Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
⁸⁰ Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸² Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁸³ Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸⁴ Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy.
⁸⁵ Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran.
⁸⁶ University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
⁸⁷ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁸ Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁹⁰ University of the Philippines Manila, College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines.
⁹¹ Colombian National Health Observatory Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia.
⁹² National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
⁹³ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁹⁴ Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹⁵ School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia100Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
⁹⁶ Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway102University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway.
⁹⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
⁹⁸ National Centre for Diseases Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹⁹ University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England.
¹⁰⁰ Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁰¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Mumbai, India.
¹⁰² University College London, London, England.
¹⁰³ Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California.
¹⁰⁴ Indian Institute of Public Health, National Capital Region, India.
¹⁰⁵ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor, Malaysia.
¹⁰⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle93Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway113Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle115National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹⁰⁹ School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

PMID: 26181261
PMCID: PMC4500822
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735

The Global Burden of Cancer 2013

Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration et al. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Jul.

. 2015 Jul;1(4):505-27.

doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle2Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.
³ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle3Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁴ King's College London, London, England.
⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
⁶ University of North Texas, Denton.
⁷ Institute of Medical Sociology and Social Medicine, Marburg, Germany.
⁸ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
⁹ Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
¹⁰ Liver Disease and Hepatitis Program, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, Alaska.
¹¹ College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York.
¹² Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
¹³ Imperial College London, London, England.
¹⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
¹⁵ Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York.
¹⁶ Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, University do Porto, REQUIMTE/LAQV, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁷ School of Public Health, Hunter College Campus, City University of New York, New York.
¹⁸ University of California, San Francisco.
¹⁹ Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
²⁰ Federal Environment Agency Section on Exposure Assessment and Environmental Health Indicators, Berlin, Germany.
²¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
²² Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York.
²³ Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Southern University College, Johor, Malaysia.
²⁴ Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
²⁵ University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
²⁶ Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea.
²⁷ Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
²⁸ University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
²⁹ School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
³⁰ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
³¹ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
³² Centre for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
³³ Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
³⁴ Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
³⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio38Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Chicago Medical School at Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago, Illinois.
³⁸ Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
³⁹ Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
⁴⁰ Department of Environmental Epidemiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
⁴¹ College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.
⁴² Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
⁴³ Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
⁴⁴ University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁵ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴⁶ Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden48School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁴⁷ Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁸ Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi.
⁴⁹ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Japan.
⁵⁰ University of Arizona, Tucson.
⁵¹ The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
⁵² Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁵³ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁴ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Perth, Australia.
⁵⁵ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
⁵⁶ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England.
⁵⁷ Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁸ Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver61Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver.
⁵⁹ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia63Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
⁶⁰ National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
⁶¹ International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England.
⁶² Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
⁶³ University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁶⁴ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
⁶⁵ Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁶ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁶⁷ Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
⁶⁸ College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁶⁹ Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁰ Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England75University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
⁷¹ Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁷² UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
⁷³ Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
⁷⁴ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁵ National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
⁷⁶ Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, London, England.
⁷⁷ School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁷⁸ College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁷⁹ Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
⁸⁰ Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
⁸¹ Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸² Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
⁸³ Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸⁴ Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy.
⁸⁵ Arak University of Medical Sciences and Health Affairs, Arak, Iran.
⁸⁶ University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England.
⁸⁷ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁸ Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
⁹⁰ University of the Philippines Manila, College of Public Health, Manila, Philippines.
⁹¹ Colombian National Health Observatory Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia.
⁹² National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
⁹³ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁹⁴ Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
⁹⁵ School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia100Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, England.
⁹⁶ Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway102University of Bergen, Stavanger, Norway.
⁹⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
⁹⁸ National Centre for Diseases Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹⁹ University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England.
¹⁰⁰ Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁰¹ Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Mumbai, India.
¹⁰² University College London, London, England.
¹⁰³ Genentech Inc, San Francisco, California.
¹⁰⁴ Indian Institute of Public Health, National Capital Region, India.
¹⁰⁵ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Selangor, Malaysia.
¹⁰⁶ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle93Public Health Foundation of India, National Capital Region, India.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway113Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle115National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
¹⁰⁹ School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

PMID: 26181261
PMCID: PMC4500822
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735

Erratum in

Errors in Author Names.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] JAMA Oncol. 2015 Aug;1(5):690. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2892. JAMA Oncol. 2015. PMID: 26270254 No abstract available.

Abstract

Importance: Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Current estimates of cancer burden in individual countries and regions are necessary to inform local cancer control strategies.

Objective: To estimate mortality, incidence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 28 cancers in 188 countries by sex from 1990 to 2013.

Evidence review: The general methodology of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 study was used. Cancer registries were the source for cancer incidence data as well as mortality incidence (MI) ratios. Sources for cause of death data include vital registration system data, verbal autopsy studies, and other sources. The MI ratios were used to transform incidence data to mortality estimates and cause of death estimates to incidence estimates. Cancer prevalence was estimated using MI ratios as surrogates for survival data; YLDs were calculated by multiplying prevalence estimates with disability weights, which were derived from population-based surveys; YLLs were computed by multiplying the number of estimated cancer deaths at each age with a reference life expectancy; and DALYs were calculated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs.

Findings: In 2013 there were 14.9 million incident cancer cases, 8.2 million deaths, and 196.3 million DALYs. Prostate cancer was the leading cause for cancer incidence (1.4 million) for men and breast cancer for women (1.8 million). Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer was the leading cause for cancer death in men and women, with 1.6 million deaths. For men, TBL cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (24.9 million). For women, breast cancer was the leading cause of DALYs (13.1 million). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100 000 and age-standardized death rates (ASDRs) per 100 000 for both sexes in 2013 were higher in developing vs developed countries for stomach cancer (ASIR, 17 vs 14; ASDR, 15 vs 11), liver cancer (ASIR, 15 vs 7; ASDR, 16 vs 7), esophageal cancer (ASIR, 9 vs 4; ASDR, 9 vs 4), cervical cancer (ASIR, 8 vs 5; ASDR, 4 vs 2), lip and oral cavity cancer (ASIR, 7 vs 6; ASDR, 2 vs 2), and nasopharyngeal cancer (ASIR, 1.5 vs 0.4; ASDR, 1.2 vs 0.3). Between 1990 and 2013, ASIRs for all cancers combined (except nonmelanoma skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma) increased by more than 10% in 113 countries and decreased by more than 10% in 12 of 188 countries.

Conclusions and relevance: Cancer poses a major threat to public health worldwide, and incidence rates have increased in most countries since 1990. The trend is a particular threat to developing nations with health systems that are ill-equipped to deal with complex and expensive cancer treatments. The annual update on the Global Burden of Cancer will provide all stakeholders with timely estimates to guide policy efforts in cancer prevention, screening, treatment, and palliation.

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Figures

**Figure 1. Age-Specific Global Contributions of Cancer Types to Total Cancer Incidence and Mortality, 2013**
For *International Classification of Diseases* codes included in the other neoplasms group, see eTable 15 in the Supplement.

**Figure 2. Relative Changes in Age-Standardized Incidence and Death Rates in Both Sexes for All Cancers Except NMSC and KS in 188 Countries From 1990 to 2013**
ATG indicates Antigua and Barbuda; BRB, Barbados; COM, Comoros; DMA, Dominica; E Med: Eastern Mediterranean; FJI, Fiji; FSM, Federated States of Micronesia; GRD, Grenada; KIR, Kiribati; KS, Kaposi sarcoma; LCA, Saint Lucia; MDV, Maldives; MLT, Malta; MUS, Mauritius; MHL, Marshall Islands; NMSC, nonmelanoma skin cancer; SGP, Singapore; SLB, Solomon Islands; SYC, Seychelles; TLS, Timor-Leste; TON, Tonga; TTO, Trinidad and Tobago; VCT, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; VUT, Vanuatu; W Africa, West Africa; WSM, Samoa.

**Figure 3. Cancers Ranked by Number of Incident Cases in Both Sexes, Globally, by Development Status, and in the 50 Most Populous Countries, 2013**
Colors correspond to the ranking, with dark red as the most common cancer and dark green as the least common cancer for the location indicated. Rankings do not include the “other cancer” group (eTable 15 in the Supplement). The numbers inside each box indicate the ranking. ^a Developing country. ^b Democratic Republic of Congo.

**Figure 4. Cancers Ranked by Number of Deaths in Both Sexes, Globally, by Development Status, and in the 50 Most Populous Countries, 2013**
Colors correspond to the ranking, with dark red as the cancer with the most deaths and dark green as the cancer with the least deaths for the location indicated. Rankings do not include the “other cancer” group (eTable 15 in the Supplement). The numbers inside each box indicate the ranking. ^a Developing country. ^b Democratic Republic of Congo.

Figure 5. Cancers Ranked Globally and for Both Sexes by Absolute Years of Life Lost (YLLs) Including the Percentage Change in Absolute YLLs and the Percentage Change in the Age-Standardized YLL Rate Between 1990 and 2013
The “other cancers” group (eTable 15 in the Supplement) is not included here because it contains multiple different types of cancers. Solid lines connecting the 1990 and 2013 charts indicate increased or unchanged rank for the connected cancers; dotted lines indicated decreased rank.

**Figure 6. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 7. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Female Breast Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 8. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Colon and Rectum Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 9. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Prostate Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 10. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Stomach Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 11. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Liver Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 12. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Cervical Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 13. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, 1990-2013**

**Figure 14. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Esophageal Cancer, 1990-2013**

**Figure 15. Trends in Age-Standardized Incidence Rates for Leukemia, 1990-2013**

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Novel Methods for Measuring Global Cancer Burden: Implications for Global Cancer Control.
Anderson BO, Flanigan J. Anderson BO, et al. JAMA Oncol. 2015 Jul;1(4):425-7. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1426. JAMA Oncol. 2015. PMID: 26181245 No abstract available.
Risk factors: What do breast and CRC cancers and MS have in common?
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References

1. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed
1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128. published correction appears in Lancet. 2013;381(9867):628. - PMC - PubMed
1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1269–1276. - PubMed
1. Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H, et al. CONCORD Working Group Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2) Lancet. 2015;385(9972):977–1010. - PMC - PubMed
1. Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(9):1290–1314. - PMC - PubMed

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[1] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed

[2] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171. - PMC - PubMed

[3] Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128. published correction appears in Lancet. 2013;381(9867):628. - PMC - PubMed

[4] Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128. published correction appears in Lancet. 2013;381(9867):628. - PMC - PubMed

[5] Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1269–1276. - PubMed

[6] Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349(9061):1269–1276. - PubMed

[7] Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H, et al. CONCORD Working Group Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2) Lancet. 2015;385(9972):977–1010. - PMC - PubMed

[8] Allemani C, Weir HK, Carreira H, et al. CONCORD Working Group Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2) Lancet. 2015;385(9972):977–1010. - PMC - PubMed

[9] Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(9):1290–1314. - PMC - PubMed

[10] Edwards BK, Noone AM, Mariotto AB, et al. Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2010, featuring prevalence of comorbidity and impact on survival among persons with lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate cancer. Cancer. 2014;120(9):1290–1314. - PMC - PubMed

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