MeSH

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Year introduced: NERVE CELLS was see under NEUROGLIA & NEURONS 1963-1974

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is EPINEPHRINE.

Year introduced: 2012

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID.

Year introduced: 2012

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.

Year introduced: 2012

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.

Year introduced: 2012

Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is DOPAMINE.

Year introduced: 2012

Neurons that fire when an animal acts or observes the same action of another thus coding the motor response. They were originally discovered in the premotor and parietal cortex of the monkey and studies have shown that neurons that have a similar mechanism are present in humans. Mirror neurons are theorized to be related to social cognition.

Year introduced: 2012

Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.

Year introduced: 2009

Nerve cells where transmission is mediated by NITRIC OXIDE.

Year introduced: 2002

Neurons in the OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM with proteins (RECEPTORS, ODORANT) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. These neurons send their DENDRITES to the surface of the epithelium with the odorant receptors residing in the apical non-motile cilia. Their unmyelinated AXONS synapse in the OLFACTORY BULB of the BRAIN.

Year introduced: 1994

Neurons which send impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.

Year introduced: 1977(1969)

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Year introduced: 1977(1969)

Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the MUSCLE SPINDLES to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be static or dynamic according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length.

Year introduced: 1991(1979)

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Year introduced: 1966(1964)

Medium sized, inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the CORPUS STRIATUM with highly developed dendritic trees. They are divided into neurons expressing DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTORS which project preferentially to the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA PARS RETICULATA and neurons expressing DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS which project preferentially to the lateral part of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS. Medium spiny neurons are preferentially lost in HUNTINGTON DISEASE.

Year introduced: 2023

Neurons of the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS.

Year introduced: 2018

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

Year introduced: 2000

MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.

Year introduced: 1991(1964)

Networks of nerve cells that control the firing patterns of MOTOR NEURONS to produce rhythmic movements such as MASTICATION; WALKING; SWIMMING; RESPIRATION; and PERISTALSIS.

Year introduced: 2013

Specialized NEURONS that produce hormones, such as NEUROPEPTIDES or BIOGENIC AMINES. They generally are in the NERVOUS SYSTEM, such as HYPOTHALAMUS, but can be found in other organs or systems. These neurons contain dense neurosecretory granules and PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES allowing the rapidly release of NEUROHORMONES into the blood circulation upon stimulation.

Year introduced: 2009