Extended Data Figure 2: Emulsifiers alter microbiota composition.
From: Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome
a–h, Dietary emulsifiers induce profound alterations in gut microbiota composition in wild-type and Il10−/− mice. Wild-type and Il10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. a, b, e, f, Day 0 (a, e) and day 93 (b, f) microbiota richness and diversity in wild-type (a, b) and Il10−/− (e, f). c, d, g, h, Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the unweighted UniFrac distance matrix of faecal microbiota (c, g) and mucosa-associated bacteria (d, h) in wild-type (c, d) and Il10−/− (g, h) mice. Treatment of each mouse is indicated by point colour and matching coloured circles represent clustering by treatment (blue, water; orange, CMC; purple, P80). Black dashed circles represent mice sharing a cage. Data are the means ± s.e.m.; n = 5, except n = 4 for P80-treated wild-type mice; n = 4 for CMC-treated Il10−/− mice; and n = 9 for water-treated Il10−/− mice. Significance was determined using two-way group ANOVA (#P < 0.05) compared to the water-treated group. i, j, Phylum characterization of emulsifier-induced alteration of gut microbiota composition in wild-type and Il10−/− mice. Wild-type and Il10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. Relative abundance of phyla are represented for faecal microbiota at day 93 (i) and for colonic mucosa-associated bacteria (j). Data are the means ± s.e.m., n = 5. Significance was determined using two-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni test, P < 0.05 compared to water-treated group. k–o, Dietary emulsifiers induce profound alterations in gut microbiota composition in Tlr5−/− mice. Tlr5−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. k, l, Day 0 (k) and day 93 (l) microbiota richness and diversity (n = 5). m–o, PCoA of the unweighted UniFrac distance matrix of faecal microbiota at day 0 (m), day 93 (n) and of mucosa-associated bacteria (o). Data are the means ± s.e.m. (for m, n = 4, 5 and 5 for water-, CMC- and P80-treated groups, respectively; for n, n = 4, 5 and 3 for water-, CMC- and P80-treated groups, respectively; for o, n = 4). Significance was determined using two-way group ANOVA (#P < 0.05) compared to the water-treated group. p–t, Prevalence analysis of OTUs related to mucolytic bacteria in Il10−/− mice treated with dietary emulsifier. Il10−/− mice were exposed to drinking water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks. OTUs Prok_MSA # 52947 (p; related to Clostridium perfringens), 264696 (q; related to Akkermansia muciniphila), 315982 (r; related to Clostridium perfringens), 363731 (s; related to Akkermansia muciniphila), and 178331(t; related to Akkermansia muciniphila) were analysed. Data are expressed as a percentage of the total sequences analysed and are the means ± s.e.m. (n = 6, except n = 9 for water-treated Il10−/− mice). Significance was determined using two-way ANOVA corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni test, P < 0.05 compared to water-treated group.
